Fuente: Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals, núm. 97-98
Fecha: 03/05/2012
Estabilidad y crecimiento en Brasil
Brasil ha podido implementar y perfeccionar desde finales de los años noventa un modelo económico basado en un sistema de metas de inflación para mantener los precios domésticos bajo control, la flexibilidad cambiaria y el compromiso con la solvencia del sector público. Este modelo fue inicialmente adoptado en el segundo Gobierno de Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Luego, durante los dos mandatos de Luis Inácio Lula da Silva, fue mantenido y refinado. Y ciertamente lo seguirá siendo durante el Gobierno de Dilma Rousseff. El consenso en torno a este modelo económico y la relativa disociación del ciclo político del económico han posibilitado la conquista de la estabilidad y la aceleración del crecimiento económico.
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Brasil, de la reducción de la pobreza al compromiso de erradicar la miseria
Autor: Lena Lavinas
Fuente: Revista CIDOB d'afers internacionals, núm. 97-98Fecha: 03/05/2012
El propósito de este artículo es sintetizar algunos resultados positivos logrados por la gestión de Lula en el ámbito de la política social y señalar los nuevos desafíos asumidos por la presidenta Dilma Rousseff en la erradicación de la miseria, después de su primer año en el Gobierno. Tras el éxito registrado por Lula en la política social, Rousseff se compromete a erradicar la pobreza extrema a corto plazo –cuatro años de mandato–, en una federación marcada por débiles lazos de cooperación, una fuerte heterogeneidad de los entes federados y una profunda desigualdad socioeconómica entre los ciudadanos. En la gestión de Lula, los factores que más contribuyeron a la reducción de la pobreza y la desigualdad fueron la recuperación del valor real del salario mínimo en tasas superiores a la inflación, así como el aumento del empleo formal con la creación de aproximadamente 12 millones de puestos de trabajo en ocho años. A la gestión de Dilma, iniciada con un retroceso en las tasas de crecimiento económico, le aguarda un desafío aún mayor. En este sentido, se evalúan las perspectivas de éxito de esta gestión respecto a la erradicación de la miseria en Brasil.
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Brazil's Dilma Rousseff is popular, but not among news media
Rich and powerful newspapers and TV networks have been critical of the left-leaning president despite her hands-off approach toward them.
March 03, 2013|By Vincent Bevins, Los Angeles Times
When left-leaning President Joao Goulart was deposed by the Brazilian military in 1964, the nation's major news media, controlled by a few wealthy families, celebrated.
But during the 21-year dictatorship that followed, the government censored the newspapers and television stations the families operated.
Things are different now. Since 2003, Brazil has been run by the popular left-of-center Workers' Party, known as PT, which has left the news media alone.
But the publications and TV stations, still controlled by the same families, have been critical of the party, despite a public approval rating for President Dilma Rousseff as high as 78%. Not a single major news outlet supports her, with some newspapers and magazines particularly harsh in their criticism.
"It's an extremely unique situation now in Brazil to have such a popular government and no major media outlet that supports it or presents a left-of-center viewpoint," says Laurindo Leal Filho, a media specialist at the University of Sao Paulo.
The opposition to the Workers' Party has been present since former left-wing metalworker Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, once imprisoned by the dictatorship, was elected president in 2002. Lula quickly moved to the center and accommodated business elites, and the following decade saw an economic boom in which 40 million people rose out of poverty.
"Brazilian society was based on slavery for over 300 years, and has almost always been run by the same social strata," Leal Filho says. "Some parts of the upper class have learned to live with other parts of society that were previously excluded … but the media still reflect the values of the old-school elite, with very, very few exceptions."
The critical news media have been widely praised for hard-hitting investigations of corruption that have led eight members of Rousseff's Cabinet to be replaced, and 25 high-level officials to be sentenced for a vote-buying scandal dating to Lula's administration. But government supporters often say the news media pay much less attention to evidence of corruption involving other political parties.
Reporters Without Borders recently issued a report criticizing media concentration in Brazil and recommending an overhaul of laws pertaining to the media. But unlike elsewhere in Latin America where governments openly battle with private media critics, the Brazilian government has taken a relaxed attitude.
Even if there were a concerted effort to take action, it would be politically impossible, analysts say. The Reporters Without Borders report details close ties between parts of the media and members of Congress, some of whom even vote to grant licenses to outlets they own, especially outside the bigger cities. To run the country, Rousseff must navigate the complicated waters of the Brazilian congressional system and work with more than 20 other parties.
"It's unfortunate, but to govern this country you have to establish alliances," says Mino Carta, editor of Carta Capital, the only publication of any size that supports the government. It sells 60,000 copies a week in a country of almost 200 million.
Meanwhile, Rousseff, who was tortured by the dictatorship for her left-wing activities in the 1970s, has taken criticism from the news media in stride, periodically reaffirming her belief in freedom of speech.
Attempting to build a large-scale news outlet that presents a different point of view would be extremely difficult, Carta says, because of the need for advertising revenue.
"That would be a very slow and long-term goal indeed," says the Italian-born septuagenarian.
Most Brazilian media chiefs say their journalism is neutral and objective.
Sergio Davila, managing editor of Folha de Sao Paulo, Brazil's highest-circulation newspaper, says, "When Fernando Henrique Cardoso was in office, [his party] the PSDB said we were against them and pro-PT."
Davila points to a report published in the paper at the time detailing votes purchased to ensure Cardoso's reelection. "Now we're just seeing the other side of the coin."
But many PT supporters see the major newspapers, including Folha and O Estado de Sao Paulo, as anti-Rousseff, as they do the television network and newspaper run by the dominant Globo group.
"The big media have always defended powerful interests," says Jose Everaldo da Silva, a retired port worker and PT voter in the country's traditionally poor northeast, which has benefited especially from PT rule. "Everyone remembers what Globo did in Lula's first election."
When Lula first ran for president in 1989, the Globo TV station heavily edited his final debate with Fernando Collor de Mello, giving Lula less time and showing all of Collor's best moments. The polls turned in favor of Collor, who was elected and later impeached for corruption.
The episode became the subject of a British documentary titled "Beyond Citizen Kane."
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